Ethically acceptable research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethically acceptable research - Essay Example These rules were made regarding overflow of putting predication on nonscientific explanation and experiences rather than on proof. The primary practices at the origin of evidence-based practice can be categorized into three steps: Evidence based regulation specifies the way in which criminologists make decisions based on the identification of rating its reliability scientifically. Hence, it eliminates exceptionally dangerous practices in favor of those that have better results. One of the forms that the regulation may take is a form based on social control theory which is expressed through law as bills, rules, and policies against any nonstandard behaviors. It measures the amount of people connected to their society to the probability of them committing a crime. This can be situational and not as much reliable as evidence based regulation as instances have been seen where people commit crime as a habit or other strange examples. Moreover, as social control theory is based on hypothesis it can always be proved wrong. It is based on the explanatory and predictive form of research research. Probabilistic assumption is another form of the regulation in which professionals assume that an effect will likely occur if specific causes are present. It eliminates the need for any scientific research which is, again, much more accurate and reliable than probability. Criminology and criminal justice are social sciences meaning that these are highly influenced by any political or social incidents taking place in a particular society. Ethically, invasion of privacy, potential harm and deception are protected by law. In addition, researchers should be aware, at all times, of the influence of the research on the society. Hence, to me, evidence based regulation is the most reliable and effective use of proving the crime as it uses reasonable explanations of

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep - Essay Example What it is to be human is a recurring dilemma that the characters in Do Androids Dream? try to make sense of; and through their actions and the plot itself, the author and readers also navigate this problem. Reaction to the world around them, specifically the display of empathy, is seemingly the most definitive marker of the â€Å"humanness† of human beings. However, one finds that by the end of Do Androids Dream?, this assumption has been turned around on its head and back again many times over. Rather than provide an easy template of humanity for us to accept, Dick uses this novel to instead ask the right questions. The most obvious and repeated assumption is that empathy is what differentiates humans from â€Å"andies† – i.e. androids or humanoid robots that have been created in the post-apocalyptic setting of the novel to help in the process of emigration of humans to Mars. This is reflected in the popular religion: â€Å"Mercerism†, the foundation of which lies on an empathetic worldview and the acceptance of collective experience. Even humans who are relegated to the fringes of society because of their low IQ – â€Å"chickenheads† or â€Å"antheads† – also accept this view of the world. ... Isidore’s need for companionship runs so deep that even though he recognizes that the renegade andies are exploiting him when they take cover in his apartment he lets them stay and even tries to protect them from the bounty-hunter. The androids themselves recognize this quality as that elusive human quality that they cannot achieve. Roy Baty, the leader of the rebel androids, despite his scornful demeanor reveals his longing to experience this at several times, exulting ultimately when Mercerism is declared a fraudulent belief system. Empathy-testing is also the most practical way of detecting androids and â€Å"retiring† or killing them before they can pose any harm to the humans remaining on Earth. As later revealed by Deckard’s rival bounty-hunter Philip Resche, tests other than the Voigt-Kampff Empathy Test, are not nearly as successful in identifying androids. This then is the dominant narrative: Humans empathize, androids do not. However, this statement is not as uncomplicated as it may seem. Firstly, there is the question of being able to duplicate this kind of empathy. As the testing of Rachael Rosen in the first instance proves, even Deckard, for a while, is unable to recognize Rachael as an android when he is fed the story about her having been raised on another planet and therefore being not too adept at empathizing with other humans. Deliberate manipulation of the empathy test can also be done by prevaricating, like in Luba Luft’s case. Luft, who is an android, deliberately refuses to answer questions directly to prevent the test from giving accurate results. Secondly, there is also the question of inherent anomalies in this testing system. As Deckard’s boss, Bryant, warns him at the start of his quest for the six